Assessment of regional innovation efficiency based on technology-related undesirable outputs
Document Type
Research-Article
Journal Name
Environment, Development and Sustainability
Keywords
Data envelopment analysis (DEA), DEA-SBM, Regional innovation efficiency (RIE), Undesirable outputs
Abstract
This study assesses regional innovation efficiency (RIE) by integrating technology-related undesirable outputs, including patent failures and uncited papers. Traditional evaluations often emphasize desirable outputs, like patents and papers, yet this expanded approach yields a more comprehensive view of innovation. Through Data envelopment analysis (DEA) with slack variables, the research examines efficiency across various regions, underscoring the pivotal role of undesirable outputs. Results reveal significant disparities in system, R&D, and commercialization efficiencies, although overall efficiency improved steadily from 2016 to 2020, reflecting increasingly mature innovation systems. Notably, a strong relationship emerges between undesirable outputs and RIE. High-efficiency regions effectively minimize redundancy by optimizing resource allocation and reinforcing output conversion pathways, thereby advancing innovation outcomes. Low-efficiency regions, however, exhibit both resource misallocation and redundant inputs, largely due to inadequate conversion of research findings, further curbing efficiency. These findings indicate that boosting RIE depends on resource optimization, elevating research quality, and fortifying mechanisms for translating innovations into tangible market and academic results. Consequently, policies aimed at reducing undesirable outputs, along with fostering stronger collaboration among stakeholders, can catalyze sustainable advancements in regional innovation. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2026.